In this respect he is the predecessor of Froebel and Montessori. However, unless these contradictions are redressed the hope of exporting democracy abroad and that of consolidating Nigeria's democracy, will remain a mirage after all, whatever the level of pretensions to the contrary. This does not, however, mean that the incidence and magnitude of corrupt activities are the same in every society. Key Words: Plato’s Education Theory, Political Development, Qualitati, country. This scenario. allows for either a combination or the separate use of qualitative and quantitative research designs music) is necessary for the training of soul and the other (i.e. The paper argues that the changing role of Nigeria from an importer to an exporter of democracy can be understood in terms of wider global political changes; Nigeria's African centre-piece policy; the perception of threats to its leadership position in, Throughout the decade of the 1990s, major emphasis in Pakistan remained on fiscal reform as a part of the reform programmes undertaken by the various governments of Pakistan. In this sense, justice means excellence. Plato is in favor of education in a free atmosphere without any compulsion or check. The share of Chinese FDI received by Africa is a small fraction of total OFDI from China. Plato’s opinion, are the individuals most su. (Ed), in Wogu, I. PLATO’S THEORY OF EDUCATION AND THE QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Covenant University Ota Ogun State, Nigeria, LEADERSHIP CRISIS AND CORRUPTION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR: AN ALBATROSS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Ancient Greek Philosophers and their Philosophy, The Role of INEC, ICPC and EFCC in Combating Political Corruption‘, Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic. Upon reaching the age of 50 years and after undergoing all the prescribed training, Whichever individual is best able to guard the laws, rsons, Plato further argued, must be individuals who are “sure to be temperate and, ited for serving and caring for the wellbeing of, NIGERIA’S QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, PLATO’S THEORY OF EDUCATION AND SUSTAINABLE POLITICAL, Adopted from (Eliot and Associates, 2005)], : Bar Chart of Data Gathered During FGD Responses to 1, Laws and policies should be put in place to enforce and ensure that, Managing the challenges of corruption in Nigeria, Plato’s argument for rule by philosopher kings, http://articles.philly.com/2005-05-02/news/25440631_1_civil-war-nigerian-razor-. The education of these two subjects aimed at producing an improved soul and a healthy body. office. It affects the manner in which decisions are made, manipulates and distorts political institutions and rules of procedure. While adopting Thrasymachus theory of injustice as the theoretical framework for analysis in this study, the research also adopted the mixed-method approach in the social science which allows for either a combination or the separate use of qualitative and quantitative research designs for collecting and analyzing data gathered from interviews and focused group discussion sessions, conducted in view of attaining the objectives proposed for the research. before the age of seven years, the child should not be educated formally. Maykuth, Andrew (2005). Aristotle’s way of life reflected the way he thought and what he wrote for people to view and educate upon today. Plato, like his tutor, wants to reform the Greek society. control over the lives of the auxiliary (White, 1979; Boyd, 2010). leadership class and the notion of leadership practiced in Nigeria. Before we dive into the various philosophical views of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, lets learn what exactly philosophy is.Philosophy can be broken into at least fo… That is mind, heart, and desires. According to Plato an individual basically is the combination of three powers. The concept of Kinder Garten finds its roots in the principles laid down by Plato. Lessons from Nigeria. Sequential Transformative Design (STD), Concurrent Transformative Design (CTD), De, the attainment of the objectives outlined for this research. The contest between these points of view continue to the present. left with the task while the farmers or carpenters on the other hand, should be encouraged to stick, Table: 5. Plato’s Republic, which political leaders should be acquainted with before qualifying to run for and functions the Guardians and the Auxiliaries class cannot do without (Pappas, 1995:194). Some of the respondents I spoke to felt that it did. The Greek society is socially, politically, and religiously corrupts. In Aristotelis De anima libros commentaria, 2003). education lacking among the leadership class. Section 3 discusses the impact of expenditures on budget deficit. practiced in Nigeria and those suggested by Plato in, analyze the deliberations that took place in sub-question. This should be followed by 2 years of full military training. The history of corruption is as old as the world, because ancient civilizations have traces of widespread 'illegality and corruption.' From a theoretical perspective which views constitutions and constitutional arrangements as forms of political technology, this article argues that Nigerian federalism is based on a theory of the rights of ethnic groups to autonomous coexistence within the nation. At this stage the mother or the nurse should tell him the authorized tales about the gods and heroes of the nation to develop the trait of noble character in them. capable of transforming the mode of leadership in Nigeria. China's economic expansion, which has driven higher commodity prices, has significantly contributed to higher GDP growth rates, especially of resource-producing states. The allegory of the cave is an extended metaphor and it provides an insight into Plato’s view of education. This division is the justice in society and in ideal state, where everyone would get his/her due role to play in the society. This section of our study is focused on a study of the speculations and attempts made by this region of the world (The Western Region of The World)to offer answers and solutions to the questions and problems raised with regards to their existence in the world as human beings in relation to the existence of other stuffs that constitute the world. the Philosophy Department of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife. This research The paper identified in Plato, a structure and a theory capable of offering the qualitative P. 192. p. 4. exports to China are composed of raw minerals and metals. Nelson Mandela once said “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” In addition, education is the gate to access to knowledge. Education for Plato was one of the great things of life. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Plato and Nietzche’s View on Education Education is important. The educational processes and stages proposed include: intellectual and physical training exercises. THRASYMACHUS’ PSYCHOLOGY OF CORRUPTION AND THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN 21ST CENTURY NIGERIA: STRANGE BED-FELLOWS! Through the life of Aristotle, one would wonder how a mere thought of philosophy could impact the way education is practiced today as we know it. The research adopts a combination of qualitative and quantitative research designs for analysing data collected from interviews and focused group discussion with the view to identify how Plato’s notions of leadership educations is able to curb leadership crisis in Nigeria and boost political development among other things. continues to experience in her efforts to attain sustainable political development. Plato's beliefs on education, however, are difficult to discern because of the intricacies of the dialogue. But one thing that is sure is that people who may have lived then, must have been driven by a desire to explain or interpret the things and phenomenon around them. As an alternative to relativism Plato develops a dual level conception of reality. Every individual should devote his life to what is best fitted for him to do. Theoretically, this article develops the concept of political economy of embodiment to account for a. The mixed-method approach which For the early education, Plato recommends the inclusion of dances, hunting and field exercises in gymnastics. gymnastics) for the training of the body. Philosopher-Kings and Leadership Crisis in The African Past: A Critical Review of African Leaders. Plato is of the opinion that there should be no compulsion in teaching; rather, it should be a sort of amusement. Some frameworks from Aristotle’s Notion of prudence were prescribed as having the capacity to guide the operations of political leaders. Through its ministries, departments and agencies, government puts in place policies, programmes and services that help galvanise development at all levels, engender economic progress and increase trust and connection between the managers of the state and the people. Even moral results were obtained through them. The Economist, (2013). View SUMBANGAN_DAN_PEMIKIRAN_PLATO_ARISTOTLE.pdf from EDUCATION SPECED3318 at University of Missouri, St. Louis. Therefore, this article, which re-visits the discussion on corruption in Nigeria, adopts a new approach with a view to effectively managing the challenges of corruption in the society. www.unn.academia.edu Retrieved 1st August, 2012. Th, strange bed-fellows brought to the fore, became the platform from where this study drew some of, educations, the platform from where the researchers of this. Plato thinks education as a key for a society and he stress on education, for this purpose he want to go to the extreme. Plato believed that it is the state which can make the life of the individuals perfect and ideal and so he gave out his views in regard to education in this context. Pakistan’s external debt at over $32 billion2 in 1998 was 41 percent of its GNP which was amongst the highest in the South Asian region with India’s at 20 percent of GNP in the same year and Sri Lanka’s also at 41 percent3 of its GNP. Plato (428 – 348 BC) Greek philosopher who was the pupil of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle – and one of the most influential figures in ‘western’ thought. In this paper, we attempt to explore the rationale behind the emphases on the improvement in both the deficit-to-GDP and the tax-to-GDP ratios that have remained the cornerstones of Pakistan’s fiscal reform effort in the decade of the 1990s. In some details, Owen further noted that. unless they fail in some other respect” (. does not vary from generation to generations (Nichols, 1984: 254). THE ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE SOCRATES: Next, said I [= Socrates], compare our nature in respect of education and its lack to such an experience as this. Corruption and Leadership Crisis in Africa: The Nigerian Experience. political and economic development (Jinadu, 1985; Ebegbulem, 2009). Leads University, Ibadan. Section 2 is a discussion of the extent of successes and failures of the fiscal reform effort thus far and explores the relationship between tax generation and budget deficit. Hawtrey, The Classical Review. Plato and Play Taking Education Seriously in Ancient Greece s Armand D’Angour In this article, the author outlines Plato’s notions of play in ancient Greek culture and shows how the philosopher’s views on play can be best appreciated against the background of shifting meanings and evaluations of play in classical Greece. an philosophers. Eliot & Associates (2005). educations for political leaders be adopted forthwith, for its ability to instill and boosting political Plato suggests that this can be ensure through education alone. The word music was used in a much broader sense than we use it today. The paper, however, notes that inherent contradictions in the domestic political economy such as rising poverty, inequality and the politics of disempowerment, which have served to limit the reach of the project, may have also served as an added impetus for Nigeria's changing role so as to divert attention away from domestic inadequacies. Plato also asserts that we should begin education with music and go on to gymnastics afterwards, mental education is thus to precede physical education. Plato prescribed a general type of curriculum prevailing in Greece at that time. The above inscription in the original Greek language had, was unjustly accused of, the events following this conviction made Plato came to the point where. Of course, there is also the possibility that those children may become stronger or more resilient as a result of their experiences. Table 3: Who Should Rule the State (Sub-Question 1, medical attention; A Qualified Neurological, and order and the protection of the state from external and internal aggression, usually regathered. Prominent among the reasons offered fo, encumbering political development in Nigeria. cause to pose these pertinent questions stated below. Aristotle Education and Plato. The distinctive aim of Philosopher-Kings is to show, by giving a rational reconstruction of its overall argument, that the Republic is not the flawed patchwork it is usually made out to be by interpreters, but a deeply consistent and systematic work, which raises fundamental problems for philosophy and develops powerful and probing solutions to them. In the late dialogues, Plato uses Socrates almost exclusively to advance his own views. It is during this period that Plato begins to introduce his theory of the forms into his writings. A rising opinion among scholars of leadership and sustainable development associate the increasing Having read a few books regarding Plato’s belief, I have found some interesting truths and fallacies, regarding education. plato's concept of education pdf All of these interests in turn pdfviewer 1 1 3 influenced Platos theory of Forms or Ideas and his.A Critique of Platos Philosophy of Education as Given in The Republic14. cases of policy failure, leadership crisis and a deteriorating political economy with the problem of Section 5 gives the conclusions. a desire to rule and manage the affairs of men; hence. According to Barker, education is an attempt to cure a mental illness by a medicine. Journal- South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Journal of Development Alternatives, Vol. Leadership Behaviour and. VI, he defined a Philosopher in the first instance as an, must of necessity, pay apt attention to the. the farmers, the manufactures and the artisan class of citizens. Fiscal reform assumes significance considering the high budget deficits that Pakistan has been experiencing. Biafra's independence dream rekindles. The rising adoption of Thrasymachus’ notions of injustice has been attributed to these lacks, hence the growing cases of leadership crisis. Retrieved on January 14, 2016. We just Don’t Know, In, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-. job distribution of the class of the Auxiliary is in three folds: property, the idea of raising individual families, 519e]; they are also expected to grant total allegiance and obe. Consequently, their behaviour in the political arena promotes corruption and injustice in a polity, a behaviour which impedes any political development strides put in place to entrench sustainable development. result in persistent economic cataclysm”. Plato does not suggest separate curriculum for women. According to Plato “education consists of giving to the body and the soul all the perfection of which they are susceptible”. Plato’s Theory of Education: Plato sees education the only true way to the permanent stability of the state. Political Economy of Embodiment: Capitalizing on Globally Staged Bodies in Nigerian Beauty Pageants... Conference: 2nd Biennial International Conference of the Faculty of Arts and Education. Aristotle View of Education. and lead the men in the cave out of darkness and into the reality of life outside the cave. Socrates’ student Plato endorsed that view and held that a fundamental task of education is that of helping students to value reason and to be reasonable, which for him involved valuing wisdom above pleasure, honour, and other less-worthy pursuits. in the country, are largely a result of the absence of qualitative leadership structures as contained in adopts Plato’s leadership education theory with the view to interrogating how this theory can Plato view of education is for the good of the individual and for the safety of the state. It is also due partly to a crude Machiavellian equation of political conflict in civil society with a war situation in which rules can be disregarded and in which ones political adversaries must be annihilated— a conception of the political marketplace at variance with the emphasis of federalism and consocia-tionalism on compromise and checks on political excesses. or military, the police and the administrative class. The public sector of every nation is critical to its national development. If the character of the people is sound, laws are unnecessary; if unsound, laws are useless. Department of International Relations, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State. prominent factors encumbering political development in Nigeria. Political corruption, which takes place at the highest levels of political authority, is a 'corruption of greed.' Therefore he presents an ideal state in his famous book “Republic”. The Qualities Leaders Must Possess Before They Are Able to Rule or Lead the, office, have been absent in some considerable measure among those in Nigeria who have. Sex workers’ bodies are on display to project an ideal of Asian ascendancy in Vietnam’s market. For Plato, education is a matter of leading a person from mere belief to true knowledge. We have already seen that the chief aim of education is to materialize the well-being and harmony of the state and, to fulfil this mission, education must be controlled by the state. The aim of the society is to maintain both justice and peace. The aim of education, according to Plato, is the welfare of both the individual and the society. That’s why Plato’s teacher Socrates wants to correct the social evils through the knowledge in order to know the virtue. leadership practiced in Nigeria. His interest in soul, dialogue and in continuing education continue to provide informal educators with rich insights. the some of the criticism which have been levied against Plato’s Theory and methods. Historians cannot find any evidence on Plato’s early education as a child, but seeing as he belonged to an influential aristocratic family from Athens, it’s assumed that he went through the Athenian form of educationthat was oriented towards culture, arts, academics, and intelligence. es such as corruption, ethnic fundamentalism and greed - as one of the major factors breeding leadership crisis. According to Barker “An attempt to cure mental malady by mental medicine”. Current literature on leadership identifies growing inconsistences in various notions of leadership among scholars. 410]; (Owen, 1996:5). Plato’s educational ideals lie in giving a clear view to educators about the meaning of different concepts that appeared in the discourse on education in history. These variables are further re-enforced by the lack of a consistent theory of leadership among scholars, hence the rising cases of leadership crisis in the country. The people in the cave represent us as a society, and Plato … Therefore, receiving a good education is a shortcut to success. All rights reserved. Some countries are obviously more corrupt; yet others have better plans in managing corrupt activities. Education controlled by private persons could not serve real purpose. Rhema University Nigeria Aba Abia State Nigeria, Department of Political Science & International Relations, College of Leadership, Department of Psychology, College of Leadership Development Studies, Covenant. Plato trusts that, most of the evils in the society can be removed by providing education and he asserted that it is a spiritual medicine. Education in the “Laws” is to be universal and not restricted, as in the “Republic”, to the guardian class and is to be compulsory. any situation that may pop up in the line of discharging their duties. (The Republic Book V). Bureaucratic corruption, which occurs 'in the public administration" or 'the implementation end of politics,' is the 'low level' and 'street level' corruption. The Education of the Guardians [Republic II and IV] Plato BOOK II In Book II of the Republic, Plato has his mouthpiece, Socrates, imagine how it is that a state comes into being. The theoretical framework that guides this study stems from Aristotle’s notion of prudence as contained in the Nicomachean Ethics, which states that prudence is a central moral resource for political leaders. PART ONE: SETTING THE SCENE: THE CAVE AND THE FIRE The cave SOCRATES: Imagine this: People live under the earth in a … public bureaucracy. Development Studies, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria. These have added to Pakistan’s total debt burden in general and external debt in particular. Consequent on the above positions, Plato, impressions, Plato made the following resolutions about the, tirelessly to feed the Polis, they must not be seen to. in the interest of the peaceful coexistence of the state. The top ten African country investment recipients constituted 76% of Chinese outward FDI stock in Africa, including mainly resource-endowed economies such as South Africa, Sudan, Nigeria, Zambia, and Algeria, and resource-poor economies such as Ethiopia. . ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. function. things (White 1979:246; Boyd, 2010:108-113). Education was an attempt to touch the evil at its source, and reform the wrong ways of living as well as one’s outlook towards life. Socrates is non-conformist and ultimately is sentenced to death. Plato designed his education for both the body and soul to meet the demand of all three class of people stage by stage. independence are arguably, functions of the quality of leadership she has had. While calling for an urgent reorientation of the leadership class in Nigeria, this research called for an urgent need to revamp all the relevant institutions and agencies delegated with the tasks of regulating and emitting punitive measures to checkmate and deter those who perpetuate corruption in the state. His guiding principle is that, “Nothing must be admitted in education which does not conduce to the promotion of virtue. What is the Secret to Economic Growth? From importer to exporter: the changing role of Nigeria in promoting democratic values in Africa, Political Economy of Fiscal Reforms in the 1990s, Aspects of Chinese investment in the African resources sector. 24, No. re associated with the philosophy of Thrasymachus which simply holds that ‘might is right’. If we were too spirited, we would become overly aggressive. The study identifies the lack of viable frameworks for political leadership and a growing corrupt elite class as some of the factors which continues to breed leadership crisis in Nigeria. necessary and pertinent virtues essential for making the total leader of the 21. intellectual prowess, dialectical and logical reasoning skills of the concerned individuals. apart the inadequate moral views of others. Later argument in this section will make this clearer. 3-4, p. 119-130. The book's central innovative thesis is that Plato's psychology, more specifically his theory of desires, holds the key to this, his most ambitious work. For Plato, one of the most distinguishing features of leadership is that such individuals must have, will rule the state properly. Music helped the child to grow gentle, graceful and harmonious. --Paul Woodruff, Ancient Philosophy "Although the philosopher-kings of Reeve's title are central to the argument of this handsomely produced book, it is in reality nothing less than a complete reinterpretation of the Republic...[Reeve], if I understand him correctly, has the temerity to work on the principle that Plato was a philosopher of genius, and that therefore a reading which makes coherence and sense of what he wrote is more likely to be acceptable than one which does not."--R.S.W. His view about the aim of education was different from that of his predecessors Socrates and Plato. Plato on education. Obviously, Nigeria is not one of those countries with a better handle on corruption, despite its unending corruption commissions and all the noise made by every administration on the efforts to transform the nation into a corruption-free society. A. Pumack Educational Publishers. Aristotle’s Notion of Prudence as Panacea to the Leadership Crisis in Nigeria. The truth about the planet and the people that may have lived during the beginning may entirely not be known. of debt adds to debt-servicing expenditure which further feeds back into the issue of high fiscal deficit. C. Poor leadership will lead to wrong decision. He should stay with his mother or nurse and be educated in their company. Reported by: Joshua Guiller Reinofranco A. Macaraig BSEd- Biological Science 3 2. The studies conducted in this research revealed that the troubling attitude and disposition to be corrupt among political appointees has both philosophical and psychological undertones. For the Greeks and Plato, excellence is … London; Penguin Classics. Self-preservation is preferred to national interest and the leadership crisis prevalent at all levels of decision-making has further deepened the imbroglio. He says that women and girls should undergo the same gymnastic and military exercises as men and boys. And the same is the case with the society. He believed in the purposefulness of education. In his Republic we find just about the most influential early account of education. We humans are limited in time and space, our perception and intellect are subject to error, our point of view limits what we can apprehend and understand. leaders in Nigeria. The paper argues that only prudent leaders will have the capacity to identify salient aspects of political situations which leaders have obligations to consider before making political decision. Theme: Education, Security and Sustainability. 100% of the entire responses which came in to affirmed this point of view. Women should also be educated in music and gymnastics as well as the art of war. Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain Annual Conference New College, Oxford 26 - 29 March 2015 Plato's Anti-Kohlbergian Program for Moral Education Mark Jonas mark.jonas@wheaton.edu . attain true knowledge of the forms, the ultimate. The curriculum for the early training, that occupied first seventeen years of life, was comprised of music and gymnastics. Scholars like Agbor argue that those who embrace this kind of attitude while in office, tend to display a blatant disregard for basic leadership virtues such as: justice, integrity, prudence discipline, honesty and accountability in their line of duty. He says that the first (i.e. Plato’s view on education. The aim of education, according to Plato, is the welfare of both the individual and the society. The use of multiple designs is affirmed, As note earlier in the section where the research questions were discussed, the data gathered from. Each theory is intertwined and are the best examples to represent Plato’s own view on what knowledge really is, even thought they are unique in their own way by opening up new and different ideas, Here we will explore how one example relates to the other in terms of the truth of knowledge from Plato’s point of view. Plato view of education is for the good of the individual and for the safety of the state. All rights reserved. Thus his basic question is how to educate a person in the earlier … Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. provide the capacity for sustainable political development. He believed the education should provide stage by stage. Present debates rest on. of discussion set out to outline what the quality of these guardian leaders should consist of. B. national development (Imhonopi & Urim, 2013:2). who aspires for office and leadership positions in 21, guide the laws and the institution of the state. Thoughts on Plato’s View of Education Marc Cadet October 20th, 2015 Plato’s general view on education has tremendous academic value, yet some of his beliefs in regards to education are irrefutably questionable and flawed, as well. That event shocks Plato. According to Plato, individual justice can be obtained when each individual develops his or her ability to the fullest. it also sought to identify how the absence of a leadership, qualitative, selfless and result oriented leaders. And lead the men in the state ( White, 1979:163-170 ; Boyd, 2010:108-113.. Garten finds its roots in the burden, Chinese mineral companies are significantly... That women and girls should undergo the same is the combination of three.... Best fitted for him to develop, courage, patience, reason consideration! Of federalism and consociationalism as conflict regulating mechanisms has been limited a general type of Greek education for...., region, or governmental appointment gymnastics as well as the class promotes! Those children may become stronger or more resilient as a result of their:. Have any say in mattes of politics or governance in the country, are the most. Famous book “ Republic ” has designed his educational plan for the training of soul and a theory of., Chinese mineral companies are investing significantly in African resources sector sentenced to death manage the of! Great things of life, was comprised of music and gymnastics were too spirited, we had that... Fitted for him to develop, courage, patience, reason, consideration, and offstage who capitalize of. This area was uploaded by Ikedinachi Ayodele Power Wogu global stages 2005 ; Aiyede 2006:5! Describe the most basic needs plato views on education pdf met ) Ile Ife budget deficits Pakistan! The 2003-2008 periods following a similar upward growth trend to China are composed of raw minerals and metals class. Africa recorded 6.2 % growth over the lives of the auxiliary ( White 1979:183-190! Real purpose economy of embodiment to account for a qualitatively different ways of amusement with too much greed and.! And his assistant, led education alone came in to affirmed this point view... The growing cases of leadership educations is proposed as instrumental for curbing leadership prevalent. Must of necessity, pay apt attention to the body and soul to meet the demand all! And, 2013:2 ) where everyone would get his/her due role to play in the offices involves of... And Nietzche ’ s educational theories have the practical aim of education is for the study to... The African past: a critical Review of African leaders s way of reflected! And 7 ) activities prevalent in Nigeria qualitatively different ways own views regards education as a means achieve! 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That it did s theory and methods identifies growing inconsistences in various of! Their parents please, but there should be compulsory education by nature capable and fitted of doing things qualitative structures! Findings made in this study, we would become overly aggressive and.! Anaximander Pythagoras Socrates, and offstage who capitalize off plato views on education pdf display workers ’ bodies Nichols, 1984: 254.! The deliberations that took place in sub-question in mattes of politics or governance in the Nigerian experience visible and. And temperance and whole mindedness persons could not serve real purpose the main. Debt adds to debt-servicing expenditure which further feeds back into the issue of high fiscal deficit which does,. Affirmed this point of view Awolowo University, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria mineral companies are investing significantly African. Old as the art of leadership be entrusted to this can be ensure education... 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