In particular, 100% of the lakes in the Southern Florida Coastal Plain were called Lake Names (Fig. "body of water surrounded by land and filling a depression or basin," early 12c., from Old French lack (12c., Modern French lac) and directly from Latin lacus "pond, pool, lake," also "basin, tank, reservoir" (related to lacuna "hole, pit"), from PIE *laku- "body of water, lake, sea" (source also of Greek lakkos "pit, tank, pond," Old Church Slavonic loky "pool, puddle, cistern," Old Irish loch "lake, pond"). by Craig Mische on September 22, 2015. There is, however, a lack of consensus on definitions used to distinguish between lakes and ponds. Examining naming patterns by EPA ecoregion and by state revealed that Lake Names were more common in the southern states and along the eastern seaboard, regardless of their surface area. Of the 814 U.S. ‘lakes’, 379 (47%) were defined in the NLA as having a man‐made origin, and 435 were naturally formed. Great Lakes of North America, Lake Baikal in Russia, Lake Wular and Loktak Lake in India. That Which We Call a Lake by Any Other Name, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Canada. Similarly, Missouri was originally called Haute‐Louisiane (Upper Louisiana) and is also well represented in use of Lake Name. The waterbodies sampled were chosen in a randomised, stratified design to include coverage of waterbodies in five lake area categories (4–10 ha, >10–20 ha, >20–50 ha, >50–100 ha and >100 ha), 48 states and aggregated Omernik level III ecoregions (Peck et al., 2013). As erosion progresses and as lake enrichment and organic content increase, the lake … Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. In the early stages a lake contains little organic material and has a poorly developed littoral zone. The Great Rift Valley in Africa harbors, from north to south, a chain of lakes like Albert, Edward, Tanganyika and Malawi. In addition to the continental analyses, we compared the prevalence of Lake Names versus Name Lakes among Level III EPA ecoregions and states (Fig. We investigated the nomenclature of lakes using the U.S. EPA National Lakes Assessment (NLA), a comprehensive survey of waterbodies in the contiguous U.S.A. in 2007. We decided to exclude data on other important limnological factors such as nutrient concentrations or transparency, as these factors may have changed since when the lakes were first named. While this list was not populated by lakes in a randomised, stratified design as done in the NLA and did not provide data on lake size, it provided a framework for estimating coarse lake nomenclature patterns in Canada. Many waterbodies had to be excluded from the initial list of over 9000 in the U.K., as these represented dams, dykes, rivers, harbours and gravel pits. New York had the highest population of Lake families in 1840. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: What Is in a “Lake” Name? Our final dataset consisted of 814 waterbodies named lakes. e.g., endemic species . The Lake family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. 1, A Referenced Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes – Preliminary Investigations, The Backcountry Towns of Colonial Virginia, The development of a GIS‐based inventory of standing waters in Great Britain together with a risk‐based prioritization protocol, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Survey design and extent estimates for the National Lakes Assessment, History of South Dakota: Fourth Edition, Revised, Lake shoreline in the contiguous United States: quantity, distribution and sensitivity to observation resolution. All analyses were conducted in JMP v.11.0.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, U.S.A.). We believe that our coarse analyses on lake naming patterns, as well as an examination of linguistic lineages, may provide insight into the observed geographical patterns and help explain why certain regions have a greater incidence of Lake Name. It is a place to store every type of data in its native format with no fixed limits on account size or file. For all the U.K. lakes, we used the same criteria as for the U.S. lakes: i.e., waterbodies had to be >4 ha in size, with ponds and reservoirs excluded. An interesting peripheral result of our examination of waterbodies in Great Britain and Ireland is that a wide variety of English and Celtic terms exist for lakes that may relate to their nomenclature order. These states were largely settled by English colonists, and the lake naming convention likely followed the standards observed in their country of origin. We thank Philip Taylor of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, for providing the U.K. Interestingly, we found considerable geographical variation in the distribution of lake nomenclature at the ecoregion level, with Lake Name, when it was used, being done so predominantly in eastern and southern regions along the eastern seaboard, partially supporting our hypotheses. Ecoregions where Lake Name was more common were: Southern Florida Coastal Plain (XIII), Southern Coast Plain (XII) and Eastern Coastal Plains (XIV). This lake has been monitored for water quality since 1984 (Wisconsin District Lake Studies Team, 2002). Probably not from lacus, a lake, as no consideralile body of Waaler exists in some of the localities so called ; but either from lalw as applied to any small rivulet in the western counties, or from a hard pronunciation of the A- Sax. Our examination of lake nomenclature across the continental U.S.A. generally supported our hypotheses. Lakes with a larger surface area are more imposing and impressive to a human standing on their beaches, and perhaps more likely to be named Lake Name than Name Lake. By contrast, British Columbia, a province heavily dominated by English settlers, exhibited only 4% of its lakes as having a Lake Name, and no other province exhibited over 25% of lakes with Lake Name. Further investigation revealed that in the French and Spanish languages, the only limnological nomenclature possible is Lake Name (Lac Nom or Lago Nombre, respectively). This database contains the names of 152 lakes (most >50 ha in surface area) sampled by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (Free et al., 2007) as part of the creation of a reference‐based typology and ecological assessment system. We examined the potential drivers of lake naming patterns using the U.S. EPA National Lakes Assessment database of. lake morphology . Wular lake (Jammu & Kashmir) is the largest freshwater lake in India. This was about 32% of all the recorded Lake's in the USA. Icag, territory or district. 1. 2d). Note that the naming convention of ‘lake’ did not necessarily indicate that a waterbody was naturally formed, as some of the ‘lakes’ were defined in the NLA as having been of man‐made origin. Classification suggests that Lakes are classified on the basis of a) Origin b) Trophic levels c) Mixing of water. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between lake nomenclature (with 0 coded as Lake Name and 1 coded as Name Lake) and our driver variables at the continental scale. The fact that Connecticut and Vermont had a relatively high proportion (50 and 25%, respectively) use of Lake Name also seemed to counter our prediction for New England. North American lakes in the U.S.A. (and Canada) do not have the naming consistency of lakes in England, Spain, France or Germany because of the mixed influence of these various countries with different conventions. States using exclusively Name Lake were Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and West Virginia (Fig. As a melting pot of cultures, the U.S.A. is a classic case of linguistic mélange, evident in the way its people have come to refer to its waterbodies. Depending on its origin, a lake may occur anywhere within a river basin. None of those states had many large lakes, as would be expected if their Lake Names were driven solely by size, so it is possible that subsequent migrations of settlers from countries where Romance languages or Gaelic were spoken (e.g., Irish potato famine migrants arriving in the mid 1800s) may have influenced lake naming convention. In contrast, Lake Name dominates 80% of lakes in Wales, where the Celtic form of ‘Llyn’ as lake is most commonly used. Across the U.S.A., lakes with larger surface areas were more likely to have a Lake Name, but there was no significant relationship between nomenclature and maximum depth. France was the first European nation to claim South Dakota and to send in explorers (Schell & Miller, 2004), later granting the territory to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the same treaty that ceded Louisiana (Francis, 2006). Buy cipla tadalafil. This relationship was primarily driven by lakes in Scotland, the only country that individually exhibited a significant relationship between lake nomenclature and lake size (χ2 = 25.62, P < 0.0001; all other countries had P ≥ 0.09). Pursuing other historical events, it appears that there were early appearances of the Spanish and French in the Carolinas as well (Edgar, 1998). A lake is a large body of natural water accumulated in a depression. You can find lakes on any of the world’s continents. Across the ecoregions, Name Lakes represented >75% of all waterbodies in the Western Forested Mountains (II), Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region (VII), Glaciated Upper Midwest and Northeast (VIII), Xeric West (III), South Central Cultivated Great Plains (V), Corn Belt and Northern Great Plains (VI), Willamette and Central Valleys (I), and Great Plains Grass and Shrublands (IV). The total number of lakes, full ecoregion names and their locations are shown in Fig. Inclusion of these lakes would, thus, have reduced the apparent strict nomenclature concluded for New Hampshire based on colonisation, and instead follow the lake size pattern we also observed. English descends most directly from the Britton Celts, and this group appears to use Name Lake nomenclature almost exclusively. Aggregated together, Scotland, Ireland and Wales had up to an order of magnitude more Lake Names than Name Lakes (Table 2). a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land, a purplish red pigment prepared from lac or cochineal, any of numerous bright translucent organic pigments. Origin c) Trophic levels a) Classification based on inflow-outflow Temporary and Permanent Lakes 1. Formed by dissolution of soluble rock (often limestone) by percolating water. It eases errors corrections in a data analytics process from origin to destination. In Middle English, lake, as a descendant of the Old English word, also could mean "stream; river gully; ditch; marsh; grave; pit of hell," and this might have influenced the form of the borrowed word. We have not been immune to such discussions at various points in our careers. Surface area and maximum depth were ln‐transformed to meet assumptions of normality and equal variance. (2004). A lake is a body of water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land apart from a river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world. Integrating these hypotheses, the following prediction emerged: there should be an interaction of settler origin and lake size with westward and southward lakes in the U.S.A. being more likely to show a Lake Name nomenclature, especially with increasing size (surface area, but not depth). Fluvial lakes. We obtained data on lake nomenclature in Great Britain and Northern Ireland using data obtained on 31 March 2016 from the U.K. 1). Regardless of lake origin, we observed the same significant relationship between lake area and lake nomenclature. "to play, sport," Old English lacan (see lark (n.2)). George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903–1991) provided one of the most extensive surveys available on the origins of lake basins in the first chapter of his four-volume series, A Treatise on Limnology ( Hutchinson, 1957 ). Glacial lakes are common in North America as in other regions formerly traversed by the many glaciers of the last ice age. The relationship with lake size was based on a basic and perhaps misguided intuition about human psychology. Notable lakes with significant ice scouring in their origins include the Laurentian Great Lakes (Canada, USA), Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake (Canada), the fjord lakes in Norway, several lakes in the English Lake District (Figure 1), Lago Maggiore (Italy), Lac Leman (France, Switzerland), Lake Te Anau (New Zealand), and innumerable small lakes carved in the pre-Cambrian shield in Canada and … Our analysis suggests that colonisation influence based on the historical immigration patterns of different linguistic groups likely played a role in lake naming patterns, which is a similar finding to what was observed in a study of the nomenclature of Midwestern U.S. streams (Raup, 1957). While limnologists tend to also think of lake maximum depth as an important variable, and while this in many cases is correlated with lake surface area to some degree, we did not expect depth to affect lake nomenclature because most people standing on the edge of a lake are not able to ascertain its depth when they first observe a waterbody. We thank many supportive colleagues for initiating and contributing to the catalyst of this work. Proportion of lakes in each U.S. state with Lake Name (white) or Name Lake (grey). We had to exclude 61 of these lakes because no names were listed, or only a proper name was listed without specifying the order of ‘lake’ and the name of waterbody. All four eastern states have a long history of English colonisation and were part of the original 13 English colonies, and hence, the dominance of Lake Name in those states is contradictory to our original hypotheses. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds. A. A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. This model had a lower AICc than all single variable models (i.e., lake area, latitude, state, longitude and ecoregion), regardless of whether minimum AICc or BIC stopping rules were implemented in the stepwise regressions. If you are uncertain about the classification of a lake or river and the dimensional standards that apply, contact your local planning and zoning office. 1) to assess whether there were regional differences in lake nomenclature. Of the 1722 lakes on the Canadian list, 410 (24%) had a Lake Name and the remaining 1312 (76%) had a Name Lake, similar to the ratio observed in the NLA dataset. In 1840 there were 239 Lake families living in New York. Gaelic speakers (in Ireland, Scotland and Wales) predominantly use Lake Name nomenclatures. Lakes are commonly classified based on their productivity. Moving westward and southward in the U.S.A., there would have been an increasing influence of other languages and settler groups, especially Scottish, Irish, French and Spanish. When ice sheets moved over flat rock surface with weakened areas of fissures, the rock could splinter and loosen to form the basin of “glac… This classification recognizes 11 major lake types that are divided into 76 subtypes. Lake surface area is indeed a major factor, promoting the use of Lake Name. A termination of many names of places and families, as Kerslake, Shiplake, Aslake, Timberlake, Westlake, Eastlake. Final revisions may significantly change some of the information in these fact sheets. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, These latitudinal and longitudinal relationships remained significant even after the effects of lake surface area were controlled for in multiple logistic regression models that included both predictors. There was no effect of maximum depth on lake nomenclature (P = 0.23; Fig. Particularly in temperate zones, such conditions favour a plentiful oxygen content, and the lake is said to be oligotrophic. Our analysis of lake names assumed that lake nomenclature has not changed significantly over time. This problem is especially apparent in North America because the nomenclature of lakes across the continent appears to be variable, with ‘Name Lake’ occurring frequently, such as in Trout Lake, but also ‘Lake Name’, as in Lake Sunapee. Lakes such as Carlos and Miltona are in the General Development classification. Salt LakesSalt Lake is an inland … After early forays by the Spanish, Jean Ribault created the French colony of Charlesfort in 1562 in a region he called Carolana, both named for King Charles IX of France. Also, as we suspected, lake depth did not play a role in lake naming. All missing waterbody names in the NLA were checked in the NHD and on Google Earth to help ascertain their nomenclature. Tadalafil tablets 20 mg spc. Furthermore, Gaelic is closely related to dialects in Gaul (France) and Spain (McBain, 1911), Romance languages that always also place ‘Lac’ or ‘Lago’ before their lake names. Lake Classification Fact Sheet Series For years NR 115 (the rule that governs shoreline zoning) has been going through a public process for revision. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world. This appears to be partially related to lake size in these regions, as in the U.S.A., but also to the use of Lake Name in Gaelic and their related European languages. We thank the Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL) at UQAM for financing CCC's trip to Montréal to give a seminar, making the discussion possible. Meanwhile, in eastern and more northern lakes, Name Lake should dominate. Interestingly, the parts of Great Britain and Ireland (Scotland, Wales and Ireland) where Gaelic origins are dominant also show a more varied form of lake syntax than does England. Regardless of lake origin, we observed the same significant relationship between lake area and lake nomenclature. The final list consisted of 3468 lakes. Maryland, the heaviest user of Lake Names, was originally mapped by the 16th century Spanish Ajacán Mission, also serving as a refuge for some French‐speaking Acadians exiled from Canada in the 1750s (Griffiths, 1992), and for some religious refugees of the French Revolution. A state‐by‐state analysis showed similar patterns, but may be influenced by small sample sizes in certain states. The probability of a waterbody having a Lake Name in the contiguous U.S.A. increased moving southward, as expected (χ2 = 31.76, P < 0.0001; Fig. Data Exploration. Virginia was originally colonised by the Spanish (Weber, 1992; Adams, 2001) and later received French Huguenot settlers from Europe in the late 1600s and early 1700s (Hendricks, 2006). The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. 3). Even the frozen continent of Antarctica still has around 400 lakes in its warmer areas.Lakes are mostly found in 4). Before excluding them, we noted that 100% of all ponds and reservoirs in the NLA had the naming convention of Name Pond or Name Reservoir. These results support the contention relating much of lake nomenclature to linguistic history, but that where linguistic flexibility occurs (Ireland, Scotland and Wales), lake size is also an important feature of naming patterns. California and Florida have had a strong Spanish influence, which could help explain their use of Lake Name, as is used in that language. This web page shows only a small excerpt of our lake research. However, the case of Vermont does help further support our colonisation hypothesis: there was considerable immigration of francophones from Québec, Canada, through the (Lake) Champlain Valley that occurred in Vermont's early years, resulting in the state name of ‘Vert mont’ or Green Mountain. Whether a lake is small, big or very large. Why several parts of the Eastern seaboard – in particular, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Connecticut, as well as scattered states in the central U.S.A. – use Lake Name is less immediately clear. … Compensation and Classification is responsible for the development and administration of the city’s classification program; however, every employee has a responsibility to ensure its success. d) Nature of Inflow-outflow. 16. Connecticut is represented by only six lakes in the NLA, which may account for its high Lake Name usage. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Biological Sciences and Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), University of Quebec at Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. The study of these lake basin features is known as . Freshwater lakesMost of the lakes in the world are freshwater lakes. Lake, any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. While each lake is unique and deserving of an individual management plan, it is impractical and unrealistic for broad units of government to strive to manage all lakes individually. The grinding weight and pressure of encroaching and retreating ice sheets carved many depressions in the Earth’s surface, where melting ice then collected to form lakes. The flow of a river is usually not straight but the river bends and meanders throughout … We explored potential drivers of lake nomenclature in the U.S.A. using data obtained from the NLA, focusing on variables that likely influenced a lake's naming convention. Man‐made lakes (but not named Reservoirs, as these were excluded from the analyses) had to be very large (7700 km2) to have an equal probability of being called a Lake Name versus Name Lake, in comparison to naturally formed lakes, where the breakpoint occurred at a surface area of 351 km2. Lake Classification A lake’s ability to support plant and animal life defines its level of productivity, or trophic state. We note that there are several issues with this analysis that may influence our results. All waterbodies included in the NLA were permanent freshwater lakes, reservoirs or ponds with a surface area >4 ha and a maximum depth ≥1 m (Peck et al., 2013). Lakes can be classified in different ways, according to their geological origin, to their trophic state (see Trophic Lake Classification in the Encyclopedia), which is according to the biological status, according to the thermal regime (see Thermal Regime of Lakes and Stratification in Lakes), which is related to the climate, or according to the hydrological conditions relating to the character of the in- and outflows … As such, the Laurentian Great Lakes (Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario and Superior) serve as classic examples, although they were not included in our analyses. Lakes Portal data, as well as the U.S. EPA for their NLA data and Wikipedia. Okauchee Lake in Waukesha County is an example of a lake in this study type with long-term data. 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